AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Article
PDF (3.4 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review | Open Access

SARS-CoV-2: Literature Review Focusing on Structure, Diagnosis and Vaccine Development

Mohammed Hamzah Abdulkadhim Al-Saadi1, Wisam Hindawi Hoidy2( )
University of Al Qadisiyah, Chemistry Alsadi, Mohamed, Iraq
Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah City, Iraq
Show Author Information

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic novel ongoing-pandemic virus. It causes COVID-19. Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 biology, countermeasure, and its origin. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by high infectiousness and sever pathogenesis. COVID-19 crosses the bounders of all continents in a high spreading manner. Here, several aspects regarding the origin and the molecular structure of this novel virus as well as the production of effective vaccines have been addressed. This article illustrated that SARS-CoV-2 was not being recombined inside laboratory and it has a complicated genome that led to sophisticated pathogenesis. Additionally, an important structural protein known as spike S was demonstrated by researchers as an important protein used by the virus for host cell entry as well as for vaccine development. However, the efforts for viral diagnosis and genomic demonstration as well as vaccine production are promising to tackle COVID-19. These perspectives will help in COVID-19 control. However, further investigations are urgently needed to figure out which controlling tactic is more efficient not only in the case of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future pandemics.

Keywords

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Vaccine development

References

[1]

T. Singhal. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2020, 87: 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature Microbiology, 2020, 5: 536–544.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Y.R. Guo, Q.D. Cao, Z.S. Hong, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Military Medical Research, 2020, 7: 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

H.A. Rothan, S.N. Byrareddy. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 2020, 109: 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

M. Tahir, S. Shah, G. Zaman, et al. Stability behaviour of mathematical model MERS corona virus spread in population. Filomat, 2019, 33: 3947–3960. https://doi.org/10.2298/fil1912947t
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

W.H. Mahallawi. Case report: Detection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) in nasal secretions of a dead human. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 2018, 13: 302–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.07.004
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

J.L. Cao, X.R. Hu, W.L. Cheng, et al. Correction to: Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit. Intensive Care Medicine, 2020, 46: 1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06037-y
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

D.W. Wang, B. Hu, C. Hu, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020, 323: 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

C. Li, Y. Yang, L. Ren. Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2020, 82: 104285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104285
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

R.J. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 2020, 395: 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30251-8
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

T.T. Lam, N. Jia, Y.W. Zhang, et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature, 2020, 583: 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

D. Paraskevis, E.G. Kostaki, G. Magiorkinis, et al. Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2020, 79: 104212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104212
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

K.S. Yuen, Z.W. Ye, S.Y. Fung, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell & Bioscience, 2020, 10: 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00404-4
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

J.H. Zhang, W.X. Jia, J.H. Zhu, et al. Insights into the cross-species evolution of 2019 novel coronavirus. Journal of Infection, 2020, 80: 671–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.025
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

M. Gross. Virus outbreak crosses boundaries. Current Biology, 2020, 30: R191–R194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.049
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

A.D. Davidson, M.K. Williamson, S. Lewis, et al. Characterisation of the transcriptome and proteome of SARS-CoV-2 using direct RNA sequencing and tandem mass spectrometry reveals evidence for a cell passage induced in-frame deletion in the spike glycoprotein that removes the furin-like cleavage site. Genome Medicine, 2020, 12: 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-020-00763-0
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

M. Hoffmann, H. Kleine-Weber, S. Schroeder, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell, 2020, 181(2): 271–280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

S. Angeletti, D. Benvenuto, M. Bianchi, et al. COVID-2019: The role of the nsp2 and nsp3 in its pathogenesis. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020, 92: 584–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25719
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

M. Fahmi, Y. Kubota, M. Ito. Nonstructural proteins NS7b and NS8 are likely to be phylogenetically associated with evolution of 2019-nCoV. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2020, 81: 104272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104272
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

V.M. Corman, O. Landt, M. Kaiser, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance, 2020, 25: 2000045. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.3.2000045
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

E.A. Bruce, M.L. Huang, G.A. Perchetti, et al. Direct RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from patient nasopharyngeal swabs without an RNA extraction step. PLoS Biology, 2020, 18(10): e3000896. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000896
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

F. Amanat, D. Stadlbauer, S. Strohmeier, et al. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. Nature Medicine, 2020, 26(7): 1033–1036. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Q. Shen, H. Liang, J. Tian, et al. A magnetic nanoparticle labeled immunochromatography kit for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2020, 12: 325–330. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v12i4.p325-330
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

X.L. Li, J. Tian, Y. Xu, et al. Development of sars-cov-2 isothermal amplification detection kits. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2020, 12: 316–320. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v12i4.p316-320
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

S.B. Jiang, M.E. Bottazzi, L.Y. Du, et al. Roadmap to developing a recombinant coronavirus S protein receptor-binding domain vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Expert Review of Vaccines, 2012, 11: 1405–1413. https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.12.126
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

B. Robson. Computers and viral diseases. Preliminary bioinformatics studies on the design of a synthetic vaccine and a preventative peptidomimetic antagonist against the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV, COVID-19) coronavirus. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2020, 119: 103670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103670
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

M. Bhattacharya, A.R. Sharma, P. Patra, et al. Development of epitope-based peptide vaccine against novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-COV-2): Immunoinformatics approach. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020, 92: 618–631. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25736
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

M. Prachar, S. Justesen, D.B. Steen-Jensen, et al. Identification and validation of 174 COVID-19 vaccine candidate epitopes reveals low performance of common epitope prediction tools. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10: 20465. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77466-4
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

S.F. Ahmed, A.A. Quadeer, M.R. McKay. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses, 2020, 12: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12030254
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Y.X. Wang, J.X. Li, Y.M. Hu, et al. Ebola vaccines in clinical trial: The promising candidates.Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 2017, 13: 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1225637
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

W.H. Chen, U. Strych, P.J. Hotez, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine pipeline: An overview. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 2020, 7: 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00201-6
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

V. Baruah, S. Bose. Immunoinformatics-aided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of 2019-nCoV. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020, 92: 495–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25698
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

E. Kim, G. Erdos, S.H. Huang, et al. Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development. EBioMedicine, 2020, 55: 102743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102743
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

P.M. Folegatti, K.J. Ewer, P.K. Aley, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2020, 396: 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31604-4
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

A. Gao, H. Liang, Q. Shen, et al. Designing a novel nano-vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2020, 12: 321–324. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v12i4.p321-324
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]

D. Gurwitz. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Development Research, 2020, 81: 537–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21656
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

D.E. Gordon, G.M. Jang, M. Bouhaddou, et al. A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature, 2020, 583(7816): 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
Volume 14 Issue 4,
December 2022
Pages 343-348
DOI: 10.5101/nbe.v14i4.p343-348
Cite this article:
Al-Saadi MHA, Hoidy WH. SARS-CoV-2: Literature Review Focusing on Structure, Diagnosis and Vaccine Development. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2022, 14(4): 343-348. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v14i4.p343-348

913

Views

81

Downloads

0

Crossref

1

Scopus

Altmetrics
Received: 26 June 2022
Revised: 02 September 2022
Accepted: 16 December 2022
Published: 31 December 2022
© Mohammed Hamzah Abdulkadhim Al-Saadi and Wisam Hindawi Hoidy.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Return