AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Article
PDF (2 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article | Open Access

New Voltammetric Study of MgCl2 as Alternative Contrast Media in MRI Molecular Imaging

Muhammed Mizher Radhi1( ), Haydar Abdulkadeer Taheer Al-Shimmari1, Emad Abbas Jaffar Al-Mulla2( ), Ali Abdulabbas Abdullah3, Ahmed Ghanim Wadday3
Department of Radiological Techniques, Health and Medical Technology College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 54003 Al-Kufa, Iraq
College of Engineering Technical, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 54001 An-Najaf, Iraq
Show Author Information

Abstract

Gadolinium compounds have been used as a common contrast media in MRI technique; however, they have oxidation-reduction current peaks in blood medium. To propose a solution for this problem, the alternative of contrast media in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was studied by electrochemical method using cyclic voltammetric technique. Magnesium compound was chosen such as MgCl2 which has a good electrochemical properties especially in blood medium. It was found that Mg (Ⅱ) ions in blood medium acted as an antioxidative reagent. The results of this study focused on the effect of magnesium chloride ions in normal saline, KCl solution and blood medium in presence with ascorbic acid (AA) and folic acid (FA) and understanding the redox current peaks of Mg (Ⅱ) ions in these conditions. We obtained good results by using MgCl2 solution as an alternative contrast medium in MRI technique instead of using of gadolinium compounds.

Keywords

Folic acid (FA)MRI contrast mediaCyclic voltammetry (CV)MgCl2Ascorbic acid (AA)

References

[1]

N.D. Quyen, J.S. Ratnakar, Z. Kovács, et al., MRI Contrast Agents. Chem. Med. Chem., 2014, 9(6): 1116-1129.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

A.M. Mendonç, E. Gaggelli, and P.C. Lauterbur, Paramagnetic contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance medical imaging. Sem. Nucl. Med., 1984, 13 (4): 364-376.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Geraldes, F.G. Carlos, Laurent, et al., Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Cont. Med. & Mol. Imag., 2009, 4(1): 1-23.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

M. Benmelouka, A. Borel, L. Moriggi, et al., Design of Gd(Ⅲ)-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: static and transient zero-field splitting contributions to the electronic relaxation and their impact on relaxivity. J. Phys. Chem., 2007, 111: 832-840.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

H.S. Thomsen, S.K. Morcos, T. Almen, et al., Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast media: updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines. Eur. Rad., 2013, 23(2): 307-318.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

W.A. High, R.S. Ayers, J. Chandler, et al., Gadolinium is dectectable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. J. Am. Acad. Derm., 2007, 56: 21-26.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

B.H. Tanga, B. Pesic, Electrochemistry and electrocrystallization of gadolinium on Mo substrate in LiCl-KCl eutectic salts. J. Elec. Soc., 2014, 161(9): 429-436
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Z.H. Tanga, R. Yiming, S. Wanga, et al., Electrochemical co-deposition of Mg-Ca alloys from KCl-CaCl2-MgCl2 melts. J. Elec. Soc., 2015, 162(10): 520-524.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

M. Ogunlesi1, W. Okiei, A.S. Akanmu, et al., Novel method for the determination of haemoglobin phenotypes by cyclic voltammetry using glassy carbon electrode, Int. J. Elec. Sci., 2009, 4: 1593-1606.
Google Scholar
[10]

H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, L. Jingjian, et al., Effects of Mg2+ on supported bilayer lipid membrane on a glassy carbon electrode during membrane formation, Int. J. Elec. Sci., 2007, 2: 788-796.
Google Scholar
[11]

R.E. Dueber, A.M. Bond, and P.G. Dickens, Cyclic voltammetry of the uranyl ion in magnesium chloride electrolyte at a graphite electrode in weakly acidic and neutral solutions. J. Elec. Soc., 1994, 141(2): 311-315.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

F. Haque, M.S. Rahman, E. Ahmed, et al., A cyclic voltammetric study of the redox reaction of Cu(Ⅱ) in presence of ascorbic. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 2013, 61(2): 161-166.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

M.M. Radhi, W.T. Tan, M. Zaki, et al., Voltammetric detection of Mn(Ⅱ) in blood sample at C60 and MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrodes. Am. J. App. Sci, 2010, 7 (3): 439-445.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

M.M. Radhi, N.K. Al-Damlooji, K. Abed, et al., Electrochemical sensors for detecting Mn (Ⅱ) in blood medium. Sen. & Tran., 2013, 149(2): 89-93.
Google Scholar
[15]

T. Hao, Y.Y. De, Z.M. Lin, et al., Electrochemistry of MgCl2 in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts. Acta. Phys. Chim. Sini., 2013, 29(8): 1699-1704.
Google Scholar
[16]
F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Advanced inorganic chemistry, 5th edition. John Wiley and Sons, 1988.
[17]
A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications, 2nd edition. Wiley, 2001.
[18]

M.M. Radhi, Voltammetric study of the redox current peaks of Pb(Ⅱ) mediated by GCE in normal saline. Am. J. Chem. Bio. Eng., 2017, 2(2): 26-34.
Google Scholar
[19]

C.F. Geraldes, S. Laurent, Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Cont. Med. Mol. Imag., 2009, 4:1-23.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

M.M. Radhi, H.N. Abdullah, M.S. Jabir, et al., Electrochemical effect of ascorbic acid on redox current peaks of CoCl2 in blood medium, Nano. Bio. Eng., 2017, 9(2): 103-106.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

D. Majchrzak, , S. Mitter, and I. Elmad, The effect of ascorbic acid on total antioxidant activity of black and green teas. Food Chem., 2004, 88(3): 447-451.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]
C. Shanahan, R. Lorimier, Targeted use of complementary medicines: potential health outcomes and cost savings in Australia. Frost & Sullivan (Australia) Pty. Ltd., 2014.
[23]

M.M. Radhi, S.A. Al-Assady, N.T. Barakat, et al., Electrochemical oxidation effect of each ascorbic acid and folic acid on lead ions in human blood. Int. J. Phar. Chem., 2017, 3(3): 33-40.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

M.M. Radhi, Y.K. Abdul-Amir, and M.S. Khalaf, Electrochemical effect of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in present of each ascorbic acid (AA) and folic acid (FA) in normal saline and human blood samples. AASCIT Communications, 2016, 3(3): 152-159.
Google Scholar
[25]

M. Benmelouka, A. Borel, L. Moriggi, et al., Design of Gd(Ⅲ) based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: Static and transient zerofield splitting contributions to the electronic relaxation and their impact on relaxivity. J. Phys. Chem., 2007, 11(1): 832-840.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

K.S. Leow, Y.W. Wu, C.H. Tan, et al., Renal-related adverse effects of intravenous contrast media in computed tomography. Sing. Med. J., 2015, 56(4): 186-193.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

S.M.M. Al-Mutoki, A.G. Wadday, and A.A. Abdullah, Effect of nano TiO2 dopant on electrical properties of SR8100/nano TiO2 PMNC. Results Phys., 2016, 6: 551-553.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

S.M.M. Al-Mutoki, B.A.K. Al-Ghzawi, A.A. Abdullah, et al., Synthesis and characterization of new epoxy/titanium dioxide nanocomposite. Nano Biomed. Eng., 2015, 7 (4): 135-138.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

M,M. Radhi Hanaa Naji Abdullah1, Majid Sakhi Jabir et al., Electrochemical effect of ascorbic acid on redox current peaks of CoCl2 in blood medium. Nano Biomed. Eng., 2017, 9 (2): 103-106.
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
Volume 9 Issue 2,
June 2017
Pages 152-161
DOI: 10.5101/nbe.v9i2.p152-161
Cite this article:
Radhi MM, Al-Shimmari HAT, Al-Mulla EAJ, et al. New Voltammetric Study of MgCl2 as Alternative Contrast Media in MRI Molecular Imaging. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2017, 9(2): 152-161. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v9i2.p152-161

326

Views

8

Downloads

2

Crossref

8

Scopus

Altmetrics
Received: 29 April 2017
Accepted: 26 June 2017
Published: 30 June 2017
© 2017 Muhammed Mizher Radhi, Haydar Abdulkadeer Taheer Al-Shimmari, Emad Abbas Jaffar Al-Mulla, Ali Abdulabbas Abdullah, and Ahmed Ghanim Wadday.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Return