Shape grammars are well-known tools to explore abstract systems of shapes and their relationships. Although there has been much research on the use of shape grammars in the field of architectural styles, there has been little investigation into the concept of circulation using shape grammars. Circulation is a tool used in architecture and interior design and is formed by connecting the points left by the movement of human beings through indoor or outdoor spaces. This study shows that shape grammars are also helpful in this particular field by presenting how a parametric shape grammar is applied to generate circulation designs, and the system automatically generates four basic types of complex circulations. According to the specific conditions andrequirements of each commercial space, different forms of circulation can be specified and generated.

Competition in the apparel market has developed from preliminary price competition, quality competition, and scale competition to the current state of brand competition. The phenomenon of brand overlap cannot be avoided by apparel enterprises during the process of building and manufacturing their brands. This paper has selected nine identification elements of three dimensions, which we used to construct an apparel brand overlap identification model. This model is based on the theories of customer perceived value and brand identity and was constructed by taking consumer perspectives as the starting point. Two apparel brands from the representative international E Company have been selected as our empirical research objects. An apparel brand overlap identification model has been constructed based on questionnaire analysis and a cognitive experiment involving eye-tracking technology. In addition, the overlap elements among apparel brands, as well as the cognitive situation of consumers with regard to brand overlap, have been analyzed.