Neural tissue-like constructs have important application potential in both neural tissue regeneration and individual medical treatment due to the ideal bioenvironment they provide for the growth of primary and stem cells. The biomaterials used in three-dimensional (3D) biomanufacturing techniques play a critical role in bioenvironment fabrication. They help optimize the manufacturing techniques and the long-term environment that supports cell structure and nutrient transmission. This paper reviews the current progress being made in the biomaterials utilized in neural cell cultures for in vitro bioenvironment construction. The following four requirements for biomaterials are evaluated: biocompatibility, porosity, supportability, and permeability. This study also summarizes the recent culture models based on primary neural cells. Furthermore, the biomaterials used for neural stem cell constructs are discussed. This study’s results indicate that compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures (with minimal biomaterial requirements), modulus 3D cultures greatly benefit from optimized biomaterials for long-term culturing.