The acquisition of real-time temperature monitoring during photothermal therapy is significant to prevent unnecessary damage to healthy tissues. However, owing to complexity and diverse factors in microenvironment of cells, there still remain considerable challenges in achieving noninvasive temperature measurement and manipulation in therapeutic process. Herein, biocompatible Nd-doped MoSe₂ nanosheets have been developed on the premise of excellent photothermal effect, which manifest desirable photoluminescence and distinct temperature self-monitored capability in near-infrared I and II bio-windows. Based on thermally coupled energy levels of Nd ions, the real-time monitoring on temperature changes in intracellular environment can be realized which provide instant temperature feedbacks to avoid side effects from hyperthermia. Exclusive of detrimental elements such as F and Pb, the objective nanosheets manifest satisfactory biosafety and can induce effective tumor ablation under near-infrared irradiation with photothermal conversion efficiency up to 40.8%, providing an innovative vision for developing more precisely and safely photothermal approaches.

Remote controlled soft actuators have attracted ever-increasing interest in industrial, medical, robotics, and engineering fields. Soft actuators are charming than normal tools in executing dedicate tasks due to small volume and flexible body they have. However, it remains a challenge to design soft actuator that can adapt to multi-environments under remote stimuli with promising nano materials. Herein, we have developed a kind of near-infrared laser driven soft actuators with multi locomotive modes based on WSe₂ and graphene nanosheets heterojunction. Different locomotion modes are driven by photothermal effect induced deformation to adapt to different working conditions. Moreover, the specially designed gripper driven by pulsed laser can lift a heavy load which is four times of its weight. This work broadens the choice of advanced nanomaterials for photothermal conversion of soft actuators. It is promising to realize applications including photothermal therapy and complex environment detection through the combination of the intelligent robot design and optical fiber system.