Adequate vascularization is a critical determinant for the successful construction and clinical implementation of complex organotypic tissue models. Currently, low cell and vessel density and insufficient vascular maturation make vascularized organotypic tissue construction difficult, greatly limiting its use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To address these limitations, recent studies have adopted pre-vascularized microtissue assembly for the rapid generation of functional tissue analogs with dense vascular networks and high cell density. In this article, we summarize the development of module assembly-based vascularized organotypic tissue construction and its application in tissue repair and regeneration, organ-scale tissue biomanufacturing, as well as advanced tissue modeling.

Nanocatalytic medicine triggering in situ catalytic reactions has been considered as a promising strategy for tumor-selective therapeutics. However, the targeted distribution of nanocatalysts was still low, considering the absence of targeting propulsion capability. Here, encouraged by the fast-developing controllable microrobotics for targeting delivery, a sunflower-like nanocatalytic active swarm (SNCAS) controlled by a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field was proposed for synergistic tumor-selective and magnetic-actively tumor-targeting therapeutics. Furthermore, a patient-derived renal cancer cell 3D organoid was utilized for the verification of the effective tumor therapeutic outcomes. Under the targeted control of 3D magnetic field, the multiple cascade catalytic efficiency of SNCAS based on Fenton reaction was evaluated, resulting in efficient tumor cell apoptosis and death. For the patient-derived organoid treatment, the SNCAS presented significant lethality toward 3D organoid structure to induce cell apoptosis with the collapse of organoid morphology. The targeting efficiency was further enhanced under the magnetic-controllable of SNCAS. Overall, empowered by the magnetic control technology, the synergistic therapeutic strategy based on controllable swarm combined active targeting and tumor-specific catalytic nanomedicine has provided a novel way for advanced cancer therapy. Meanwhile, 3D patient-derived organoids were proved as a powerful tool for the effectiveness verification of nanocatalytic medicine.