Zn-based batteries have attracted extensive attention due to their high theoretical energy density, safety, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, and low cost. They are a new energy storage and conversion technology with significant development potential and have been widely used in renewable energy and portable electronic devices. Considerable attempts have been devoted to improving the performance of Zn-based batteries. Specifically, battery cycle life and energy efficiency can be improved by electrolyte modification and the construction of highly efficient rechargeable Zn anodes. This review compiles the progress of the research related to Zn anodes and electrolytes, especially in the last five years. This review will introduce fundamental concepts, summarize recent development, and inspire further systematic research for high-performance Zn-based batteries in the future.