Polyoxometalate (POM)-based lanthanide-oxo clusters (LnOCs) are a class of polynuclear lanthanide–oxygen complexes formed by polyoxometalate stabilization through oxygen bridges in which POMs can be viewed as multidentate inorganic ligands. POM-based LnOCs have received interest owing to their interesting structures and potential applications. In this paper, we summarize the classification, synthesis strategies, and properties of POM-based LnOCs. POM-based LnOCs are classified into three main categories according to their metal core element type and quantity: pure 4f clusters, 5d–4f clusters, and 3d–4f clusters. Their synthetic strategies are divided into four categories based on the source of the POM involved in the structural assembly: the lacunary POMs ligand-directed method, the in-situ transformation of lacunary POMs ligand-directed method, the in-situ generation of lacunary POMs ligand-directed method, and mixed synthesis strategies. In addition, the single-molecule magnets of POM-based LnOCs and their proton conduction properties are summarized.