One of the most appealing features of ion-selective electrodes (ISE) is their ease of use, an electrical method used to measure common elements such as sodium, potassium, and chlorine in the autoanalyzer and its development for the measurement of heavy elements such as zinc and copper through the manufacture of highly selective and sensitive electrodes. A new metals oxide carbon paste electrode (MCPE) with good ion-capturing to detect the level of heavy elements in serum and solutions was created by synthesizing the of (Zn,Cu)-O nanoparticles using a hydrothermal method. For optimal circumstances, the physical and chemical characteristics of the electrode were investigated. The cyclic voltammetry redox wave was used to record a signal. By cyclic voltammograms, a large signal for oxidation-reduction occurs with a reversible mechanism due to one electron transmission for ionization of zinc and a quasi-reversible peak for the Cu metal. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects have also been investigated such as ∆E, ∆H, ∆G, ∆S equal to –4.32, –32.19, 33.40, 0.031 respectively. The results demonstrate that the novel electrode can discriminate between peaks produced by redox processes of two elements at a similar time, having two different oxidation peaks and two separate redaction peaks. The electrical conductivity qualities of zinc and copper allowed us to build and extend electrical cells and measure five elements simultaneously using an electrical technique.

Chromium ions in the solution were electro-oxidized using a novel carbon paste electrode containing Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles. As a result of the modification, the voltammetric response of Cr-ion could be resolved into one well-defined peak. As a result, the quest-reversible mechanism was activated. Researchers investigated the electrode's kinetics between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. In the redox process of Cr-ion oxidation, the voltammogram data indicated a rise in temperature that increased negative shift, which implied diffusion electron transfer. The Randles-Sevcik equation gave a diffusion coefficient of 1.9×10^-3; the rate constant K was 0.3×10^-3; and According to the study, In the range of 2-10 ppm, the peak current of Cr-ion rose linearly with its concentration, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters was calculated such as ∆E, ∆H, ∆G and ∆S equal to ‒58.2, ‒4.9, ‒65.1 and 0.11 KJ/mol respectively.

A new modified ion selective electrode with carbon and metal oxide nanoparticles to increase sensitivity and selectivity to measure the trace concentration of heavy elements in solutions and pharmaceutical compounds.by preparing the Nano-oxides of ZnO, CuO and MnO₂ using a hydrothermal method. The temperature and pH of the electrode studied to select the best conditions. Where the voltmogram recorded a single signal in relation to the oxidation and reduction process of the zinc element by a reversable mechanism rever to one electron transmission and a quasi-reversable signal for the copper element, and irreversible signal for the manganese element resulting from the transmission of two electrons. The thermodynamic and kinetic factors were also studied and finally the standard mixture of the elements salt was detection to electrode sensitivity mutation the result show the new electrode can distinguish between the signals produced by the oxidation and reduction process of the three elements as the same time with three deferent peaks for oxidation and two peaks of redaction.