This study explores the emerging multifunctional applications of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in cancer treatment, specifically focusing on photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) and hyperthermia therapy. GQDs are a nanoscale carbon-based material with remarkable optical and thermal properties that hold considerable promise for various biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy. The review also focuses on emphasizing the importance of continued research and development in GQD synthesis, functionalization, and delivery systems. With their unique properties and multifaceted nature, GQDs offer promising opportunities for advancing cancer therapeutics toward more effective and targeted treatments. We discuss current trends and discrimination of GQD-based PDT/PTT strategies, showcasing the diverse techniques and approaches employed to maximize their therapeutic benefits. Furthermore, we elaborate on the critical dilemmas in the discrimination of GQD-based PDT/PTT strategies in clinical settings. Advancements in GQD-based PDT/PTT have the potential to significantly improve treatment efficacies and reduce side effects in cancer therapy.

The development of immaculate etiquette for the green and rapid synthesis of Ag NPs with a natural reducing agent is the spearhead of the expanding field of nanotechnology. Different scientific fraternity with novel natural reducing agents has been contributing numerous strategies daily. Though there is a submerging of many natural reducing agents, still there are plenty of natural precursors remained to be explored. In this research, we fruitfully attempted the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using agro-food industrial waste Tamarindus indica shell-husk extract (TSE) as a natural reducing agent. The prepared silver nanoparticles and their stability in different pH were investigated using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis. Morphological characters were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The structural and elemental compositions were depicted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, respectively. Moreover, we emphasized on the molecular mechanism involving in the TSE mediated synthesis of Ag NPs. The inherent antimicrobial activity was investigated using agar plate method against both gram-positive and gram-negative species with gentamycin as a control standard for comparison.