The potential of personal cooling technologies in reducing air conditioning energy consumption and enhancing human thermal comfort is substantial. This review focuses on recent advancements in hierarchical structure design for innovative cooling textiles. Beginning with insights into fundamental heat transfer processes between the human body, textile, and the surroundings, we uncover key control mechanisms. Then the advanced hierarchical structure designs enabling effective radiation, sweat evaporation, conduction management, and integration of cold energy sources for realizing effective human body cooling are systematically summarized. Additionally, we explore multifunctional designs beyond cooling, including switchable cooling-heating and sensing. Finally, we engage in discussions on unifying cooling performance tests and additional multiple requirements to make strides toward practical applications. This review is anticipated to be a valuable resource, providing the scientific and industrial communities with a quick grasp of past advancements, current challenges, and future directions in achieving effective human body cooling.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable research interest, leading to significant advances in energy applications in recent years, such as lithium batteries, catalysis, electronics, and thermoelectrics, owing to their rich controllable properties and excellent performances. Recently, pressure has been successfully employed as an effective method for property modulation of 2D materials, through tuning electronic orbitals and bonding patterns. In this review, we summarize recent progresses in the pressure-driven property modulations and elucidate the underlying mechanism of the pressure modulation of 2D materials. Further, we identify the remaining challenges and opportunities in this new, vibrant area of research for energy conversion and utilization. Among the different property modulation strategies, the in situ application of high pressure is systematically identified as a promising knob for 2D materials. This review is expected to inspire further research on the fundamental understanding and practical applications of high-pressure modulation in 2D materials.