Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important diseases threatening the yield and stability of wheat production in China and many other countries. Identification and utilization of new genes for durable stripe rust resistance are important for ongoing control of this disease. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with adult-plant stripe rust resistance in the Chinese wheat landrace Yibinzhuermai (YBZR) and to provide wheat breeders with new sources of potentially durable resistance. A total of 117 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) (F_5:8) derived from a cross between YBZR and highly susceptible cultivar Taichung 29 (TC29) were assessed for stripe rust severity in field experiments at Wenjiang in 2016 and 2017 and Chongzhou in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 in Sichuan following inoculation with a mixture of current Pst races. The RILs were genotyped using the Wheat55K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Three QTL were identified on chromosome arms 6AL, 5BL and 7DS. QYr.YBZR-6AL and QYr.YBZR-7DS conferred major effects in all field environments, explaining 10.6% to 14.7% and 11.5% to 21.2% of phenotypic variation, respectively. The QTL on 5BL and 7DS likely correspond to previously known QTL, whereas QYr.YBZR-6AL is probably novel. Haplotype analysis revealed that the resistance allele at QYr.YBZR-6AL was present in 2.8% of 324 Chinese wheat landraces. SNP markers closely linked with QYr.YBZR-6AL were converted to kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers and validated in the RIL population and a subset of 92 wheat cultivars. QYr.YBZR-6AL and its markers should be useful in breeding programs to improve the level and durability of stripe rust resistance.