Recently, the advances in perfluorocarbon nanoparticles have been introduced to expand the diagnostic and therapeutic capability of ultrasound molecular imaging, a non-invasive diagnostic imaging, which passed from robust anatomical presentation to detection of physiological processes and recognition of specific tissue epitopes at the cellular level. The good properties of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles, such as nontoxicity, small size, phase-shift capability, etc., have been resulted in tremendous potential prospects in clinical application. Herein, this review focuses on the mechanisms of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in terms of phase transition and ultrasonic theranostic. And the potential applications of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in ultrasound medicine are also discussed.