Fault analysis is a frequently used side-channel attack for cryptanalysis. However, existing fault attack methods usually involve complex fault fusion analysis or computation-intensive statistical analysis of massive fault traces. In this work, we take a property-based formal verification approach to fault analysis. We derive fine-grained formal models for automatic fault propagation and fusion, which establish a mathematical foundation for precise measurement and formal reasoning of fault effects. We extract the correlations in fault effects in order to create properties for fault verification. We further propose a method for key recovery, by formally checking when the extracted properties can be satisfied with partial keys as the search variables. Experimental results using both unprotected and masked advanced encryption standard (AES) implementations show that our method has a key search complexity of
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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2024, 29 (2): 576-588
Published: 22 September 2023
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