Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), threatens global wheat production. Development of cultivars with increased resistance to stem rust by identification, mapping, and deployment of resistance genes is the best strategy for controlling the disease. In this study, we performed fine mapping and characterization of the all-stage stem rust resistance (Sr) gene Sr8155B1 from the durum wheat line 8155-B1. In seedling tests of biparental populations, Sr8155B1 was effective against six Chinese Pgt races tested. In a segregating population of 5060 gametes, Sr8155B1 was mapped to a 0.06-cM region flanked by markers Pku2772 and Pku43365, corresponding to 1.5- and 2.7-Mb regions in the Svevo and Chinese Spring reference genomes. Both regions include several typical nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and protein kinase genes that represent candidate genes. Among them, three NLR genes and three receptor-like protein kinases were highly polymorphic between the parental lines and their transcripts were upregulated in the homozygous resistant line TdR2 relative to its susceptible sister line TdS4. Four markers (Pku2772, Pku43365, Pku2950, and Pku3721) developed in this study, together with seedling resistance responses, correctly predicted Sr8155B1 absence or presence in 78 tetraploid wheat genotypes tested. The presence of Sr8155B1 in tetraploid wheat accessions CItr 14916, PI 197492, and PI 197493 was confirmed by mapping in three F₂ populations. The genetic map and linked markers developed in this study may accelerate the deployment of Sr8155B1-mediated resistance in wheat breeding programs.