The spray characteristics of different regions downstream of swirl cups play a critical role in cold start and re-ignition of gas turbines. The spray measurements were performed at the fuel pressures of 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MPa and the fuel temperatures of −23, −13, −3, 7, 17 and 27 ℃, respectively. The droplet size, droplet velocity, droplet number, and instantaneous spatial spray image of sprays from an aviation kerosene Jet-A were measured using a two-component phase Doppler particle analyzer and a digital off-axis holography system. As the fuel pressure and temperature increase, the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and spray non-uniformity of the Spray Shear Layer (SSL) gradually decrease. As the fuel pressure increases, the SMD and spray non-uniformity of the Central Toroidal Recirculation Zone (CTRZ) gradually decrease, and the slopes of these curves both decrease. As the fuel pressure increases, the SMD and spray non-uniformity of the CTRZ rapidly decrease at the fuel temperature of −23 ℃, while slightly decrease at the fuel temperature of 27 ℃. The droplets in the CTRZ come from 3 different sources: simplex nozzle, venturi, and outside the CTRZ. As the fuel pressure increases, the proportion of droplets recirculated from outside the CTRZ decreases. This study proposed the concept of the “pressure critical point” for the swirl cups. As the fuel temperature decreases, the proportion of droplets recirculated from outside the CTRZ increases below the critical pressure, while decreases above the critical pressure. In addition, through the models of liquid film formation and breakup on the curved cylindrical wall, a semi-theoretical model was established to predict the SMD of SSL for swirl cups. The prediction uncertainty of this model is less than 6% for all 14 conditions in this paper.

A transient thickness distribution measured with a high temporal resolution is elemental for exploring the flow characteristics and mechanism of a liquid film formed by an impinging jet. Therefore, this paper develops a high-speed Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Fluorescence (LEDIF) system based on the brightness measured directly above the liquid film. An Ultraviolet (UV) LED lamp is used to provide sufficient and continuous excitation light. Then, a system performance analysis proves that the system can continuously measure the global film thickness at a high acquisition frequency of 5000 Hz when the dye concentration is 200 mg/L. The influence of the irregularity of the excitation intensity, including the spatial non-uniformity, temporal instability, and long-term instability, on the measurement uncertainty is analyzed in detail. The analysis indicates that the system has an acceptable uncertainty of 10%. Compared with theoretical results, experimental results verify that the LEDIF system can accurately measure the global thickness of a liquid film formed by a water jet obliquely impinging onto a plate. An experimental investigation of the radial section of the raised zone demonstrates that the radial section changes from a sewing needle to an oval when the azimuth angle increases from 10° to 90°. Meanwhile, the dynamic contact angle exponentially decreases from 41.4° to 30.1°. A dynamic analysis of surface waves shows that the measured wave velocity decreases from 12 m/s to 1 m/s and the dominant frequency decreases from 1000 Hz to 10 Hz along the flow direction.