The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is widely utilized for accurate positioning. One commonly applied method to obtain precise coordinate estimates is by implementing the relative positioning in network mode. However, this approach can be complex and challenging. Fortunately, The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) offers freely available satellite orbit and clock correction products called Multi-GNSS Advanced Demonstration Tool for Orbit and Clock Analysis (MADOCA), which can enhance positioning accuracy through the precise point positioning (PPP) method. This study focuses on evaluating PPP static mode positioning using MADOCA products and comparing the results with the highly precise relative positioning method. By analyzing a network of 20 GNSS stations in Indonesia, we found that the PPP method using MADOCA products provided favorable positioning estimates. The median discrepancies and the corresponding median absolute deviation (MAD) for easting, northing, and up components were estimated as 9 ± 18 mm, 10 ± 9 mm, and 3 ± 40 mm, respectively. These results indicate that PPP with MADOCA products can be a reliable alternative for establishing Indonesia's horizontal control networks, particularly for orders 0, 1, 2, and 3, and for a broad spectrum of geoscience monitoring activities. However, considerations such as epoch transformations and seismic activities should be taken into account for accurate positioning applications that comply with the definition of the national reference framework.

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning method has been significantly developed in geodetic surveying. However, the height obtained through GNSS observations is given in a geodetic height system that needs to be converted to orthometric height for engineering applications. Information on geoid height, which can be calculated using the global geopotential mode, is required to convert such GNSS observations into orthometric height. However, its accuracy is still insufficient for most engineering purposes. Therefore, a reliable geoid model is essential, especially in areas growing fast, e.g., the central part of Java, Indonesia. In this study, we modeled the local geoid model in the central part of Java, Indonesia, using terrestrial-based gravity observations. The Stokes' formula with the second Helmert's condensation method under the Remove-Compute-Restore approach was implemented to model the geoid. The comparison between our best-performing geoid model and GNSS/leveling observations showed that the standard deviation of the geoid height differences was estimated to be 4.4 cm. This geoid result outperformed the commonly adopted global model of EGM2008 with the estimated standard deviation of geoid height differences of 10.7 cm.