Surface integrity parameters such as the surface topography, hardness gradient, and residual stress have a significant impact on tooth surface contact fatigue. To meet the needs of efficient and stable contact fatigue calculations, efficient mixed lubrication calculations were achieved in this study by dividing the lubrication region and reconstructing the asperities. By considering the influence of the residual stress and hardness gradient on the tooth surface, a gear contact fatigue calculation model was established and verified based on gear contact fatigue tests. The results showed the following: 1) Due to the influence of rough surfaces, there were two high stress peaks in the near-surface layer (6 μm) and sub-surface layer (245 μm) of the tooth surface, which corresponded to micro-pitting and pitting areas, respectively. 2) Ignoring the influence of various integrity parameters will lead to errors of several orders of magnitude in predicting the contact fatigue life of the tooth surface. 3) The fatigue failure area predicted by the model proposed in this paper was consistent with the experimental results, and the average error in the fatigue life was about 14.3%. The method proposed in this paper can effectively predict the contact fatigue life and dangerous areas of the tooth surface, with advantages of a high computational efficiency and good stability, laying a foundation for the research on tooth surface anti-fatigue design.