Lithium disilicate glass-ceramics (LDGCs) are widely used in fields, such as bioremediation materials and smart terminal display windows, due to their excellent mechanical properties, outstanding optical properties, high chemical stability and biocompatibility. The paper is aimed to review the development of LDGCs, summarize the correlation between the chemical composition, preparation process, microstructure and properties of LDGCs, and discuss their applications in different fields. Comprehensive references for further research and application of LDGCs will be offered, while new ideas for relevant researchers to explore valuable information will be provided, and the performance improvement and application promotion of LDGCs materials will be proposed.
STOOKEY S D. Catalyzed crystallization of glass in theory and practice [J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1959, 51(7): 805-808.
HÖLAND W, BEALL G H. Glass-Ceramic Technology [M]. 3th Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2019.
XIE Z P, YU N T. [J]. Journal of Ceramics, 2021, 42(3): 349-359.
FREIMAN S W, HENCH L L. Effect of crystallization on the mechanical properties of Li2O-SiO2 glass-ceramics [J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1972, 55(2): 86-90.
OTA R, MISHIMA N, WAKASUGI T, et al. Nucleation of Li2O-SiO2 glass and its interpretation based on a new liquid model [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1997, 219: 70-74.
ZANOTTO E D. Metastable phases in lithium disilicate glasses [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1997, 219: 42-48.
HING P, MCMILLAN P W. A transmission electron microscope study of glass-ceramics [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1973, 8(3): 340-348.
JAMES P F. Kinetics of crystal nucleation in silicate glasses [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1985, 73(1): 517-540.
BURGNER L L, LUCAS P, WEINBERG M, et al. On the persistence of metastable crystal phases in lithium disilicate glass [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2000, 274(1): 188-194.
HÖLAND W, RHEINBERGER V, SCHWEIGER M. Control of nucleation in glass ceramics [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2003, 361(1804): 575-589.
ZHANG H J, LIU J X, SHI F, et al. Controlling the microstructure and properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics by adjusting the content of MgO [J]. Ceramics International, 2023, 49(1): 216-225.
KOLAY S, BHARGAVA P. Role of MgO in lowering glass transition temperature and increasing hardness of lithium silicate glass and glass-ceramics [J]. Ceramics International, 2022, 48(9): 12699-12711.
HÖLAND W, APEL E, VAN'T HOEN C, et al. Studies of crystal phase formations in high-strength lithium disilicate glass-ceramics [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2006, 352(38): 4041-4050.
WEN G, ZHENG X, SONG L. Effects of P2O5 and sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics [J]. Acta Materialia, 2007, 55(10): 3583-3591.
YU X J, WANG M Z, RAO Y, et al. Unveiling the evolution of early phase separation induced by P2O5 for controlling crystallization in lithium disilicate glass system [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2023, 43(12): 5381-5389.
HOLLAND D, IQBAL Y, JAMES P, et al. Early stages of crystallisation of lithium disilicate glasses containing P2O5-An NMR study [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1998, 232: 140-146.
ZHANG T H, ZHANG Z M, HAN J J, et al. The structure and properties of chemical strengthened transparent lithium disilicate glass ceramics with various P2O5 contents [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2022, 588: 121626.
IQBAL Y, LEE W E, HOLLAND D, et al. Crystal nucleation in P2O5-doped lithium disilicate glasses [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1999, 34(18): 4399-4411.
DESHPANDE A V, SATYANARAYANA P. Study of lithium disilicate based nano glass ceramics containing P2O5 [J]. Silicon, 2022, 14(15): 9973-9986.
HUANG S F, ZUJOVIC Z, HUANG Z H, et al. Crystallization of a high-strength lithium disilicate glass-ceramic: An XRD and solid-state NMR investigation [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2017, 457: 65-72.
FERNANDES H R, TULYAGANOV D U, FERREIRA J M F. The role of P2O5, TiO2 and ZrO2 as nucleating agents on microstructure and crystallization behaviour of lithium disilicate-based glass [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2013, 48(2): 765-773.
ZHENG X, WEN G, SONG L, et al. Effects of P2O5 and heat treatment on crystallization and microstructure in lithium disilicate glass ceramics [J]. Acta Materialia, 2008, 56(3): 549-558.
LIN C C, SHEN P Y, CHANG H M, et al. Composition dependent structure and elasticity of lithium silicate glasses: Effect of ZrO2 additive and the combination of alkali silicate glasses [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2006, 26(16): 3613-3620.
APEL E, VAN'T H, RHEINBERGER V, et al. Influence of ZrO2 on the crystallization and properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics derived from a multi-component system [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2007, 27(2/3): 1571-1577.
HUANG S F, LI Y, WEI S, et al. A novel high-strength lithium disilicate glass-ceramic featuring a highly intertwined microstructure [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2017, 37(3): 1083-1094.
HUANG S F, CAO P, WANG C F, et al. Fabrication of a high-strength lithium disilicate glass-ceramic in a complex glass system [J]. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2013, 1(1): 46-52.
BUCHNER S, PEREIRA A S, LIMA J C D, et al. Effect of annealing close to Tg on the short-range order of lithium disilicate glass [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2021, 560: 120729.
ZHAO T, QIN Y, WANG B, et al. Improved densification and properties of pressureless-sintered lithium disilicate glass-ceramics [J]. Materials Science & Engineering, A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing, 2015, 620: 399-406.
FERNANDES H R, TULYAGANOV D U, GOEL A, et al. Effect of Al2O3 and K2O content on structure, properties and devitrification of glasses in the Li2O-SiO2 system [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2010, 30(10): 2017-2030.
YAN J Y, LIU X M, WU X P, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Li2Si2O5 whisker-reinforced glassceramics [J]. Frontiers in Materials, 2022, 9: 849601.
HÖLAND W, SCHWEIGER M, FRANK M, et al. A comparison of the microstructure and properties of the IPS Empress®2 and the IPS Empress® glass-ceramics [J]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2000, 53(4): 297-303.
GHAYEBLOO M, ALIZADEH P, MELO R M. Fabrication of ZrO2-bearing lithium-silicate glass-ceramics by pressureless sintering and spark plasma sintering [J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2020, 105: 103709.
LI K, KOU H M, NING C Q. Sintering and mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics prepared by sol-gel method [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2021, 552: 120443.
LI D, LI X C, ZHANG Z Z, et al. Understanding the mechanism for the mechanical property degradation of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic by annealing [J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2018, 78: 28-35.
ZHANG P, LI X H, YANG J F, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2014, 402: 101-105.
RODRIGUES PAIS ALVES M F, SANTOS C, OLHERO S M, et al. Pressureless sintered lithium disilicate glass-ceramics: Influence of particle size and crystallization state [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, 44(10): 6135-6146.
MONTEIRO R H, ALVES M F R P, STRECKER K, et al. Effect of preheating and isothermal holding time on the crystallization, densification and properties of a sintered lithium silicate glass-ceramic [J]. Ceramics International, 2022, 48(4): 5590-5600.
AL MANSOUR F, KARPUKHINA N, GRASSO S, et al. The effect of spark plasma sintering on lithium disilicate glassceramics [J]. Dental Materials, 2015, 31(10): E226-E235.
ZHAO T, LI A J, QIN Y, et al. Influence of SiO2 contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics by reaction sintering [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2019, 512: 148-154.
ZHAO T, QIN Y, ZHANG P, et al. High-performance, reaction sintered lithium disilicate glass-ceramics [J]. Ceramics International, 2014, 40(8): 12449-12457.
GUO H Z, BAKER A, GUO J, et al. Cold sintering process: A novel technique for low-temperature ceramic processing of ferroelectrics [J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2016, 99(11): 3489-3507.
LYU X, SEO Y, HAN D H, et al. Roles of alkali ions in densification process of cold sintered lithium disilicate glass materials [J]. Ceramics International, 2024, 50(5): 7567-7576.
WANG F, LI K, NING C. Sintering properties of sol-gel derived lithium disilicate glass ceramics [J]. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2018, 87(2): 372-379.
YE J X, WEN C L, WU J R, et al. Mechanical and bioactive properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic mixtures synthesized by two different methods [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2019, 509: 1-9.
ZHANG B, EASTEAL A J. Effect of HNO3 on crystalline phase evolution in lithium silicate powders prepared by sol-gel processes [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2008, 43(15): 5139-5142.
MAÇON A L B, JACQUEMIN M, PAGE S J, et al. Lithium-silicate sol-gel bioactive glass and the effect of lithium precursor on structure-property relationships [J]. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2017, 81(1): 84-94.
HAMMETTER W F, LOEHMAN R E. Crystallization kinetics of a complex lithium silicate glass-ceramic [J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1987, 70(8): 577-582.
HUANG S F, CAO P, LI Y, et al. Nucleation and crystallization kinetics of a multicomponent lithium disilicate glass by in situ and real-time synchrotron X-ray diffraction [J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2013, 13(9): 4031-4038.
VON CLAUSBRUCH S C, SCHWEIGER M, HÖLAND W, et al. The effect of P2O5 on the crystallization and microstructure of glass-ceramics in the SiO2-Li2O-K2O-ZnO-P2O5 system [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2000, 263: 388-394.
HÖLAND W, RHEINBERGER V, APEL E, et al. Future perspectives of biomaterials for dental restoration [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2009, 29(7): 1291-1297.
HUANG S F, HUANG Z H, GAO W, et al. Trace phase formation, crystallization kinetics and crystallographic evolution of a lithium disilicate glass probed by synchrotron XRD technique [J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5(1): 9159.
LUBAUER J, BELLI R, PETERLIK H, et al. Grasping the lithium hype: Insights into modern dental lithium silicate glass-ceramics [J]. Dental Materials, 2022, 38(2): 318-332.
SERBENA F C, MATHIAS I, FOERSTER C E, et al. Crystallization toughening of a model glass-ceramic [J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 86: 216-228.
GADDAM A, GOYAL M, JAIN S, et al. Lithium disilicate based glass-ceramics for dental applications [J]. Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, 2013, 72(1): 56-60.
VALLERINI B D F, SILVA L D, VILLAS-BÔAS M D O C, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of an experimental lithium disilicate dental glass-ceramic [J]. Ceramics International, 2024, 50(1): 188-196.
FU L, ENGQVIST H, XIA W. Glass-ceramics in dentistry: A review [J]. Materials, 2020, 13(5): 1049.
ELBATAL F H, AZOOZ M A, HAMDY Y M. Preparation and characterization of some multicomponent silicate glasses and their glass-ceramics derivatives for dental applications [J]. Ceramics International, 2009. 35(3): 1211-1218.
RITTER R G. Multifunctional uses of a novel ceramic-lithium disilicate [J]. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 2010, 22(5): 332-341.
LI X C, LI D, MENG M, et al. Significant strengthening of a lithium disilicate glass by Li+/Na+ exchange at substantially lowered temperature [J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(17): 22665-22674.
SHAN Z J, XIE L, LIU H W, et al. "Gingival soft tissue integrative" lithium disilicate glass-ceramics with high mechanical properties and sustained-release lithium ions [J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(49): 54572-54586.
SHAN Z J, LIU J X, LIU M, et al. Surface strengthening of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic by ion-exchange using Rb, Cs nitrates [J]. Ceramics International, 2018, 44(11): 12466-12471.
LI D, LI X C, MENG M, et al. Strengthening of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic by rapid cooling [J]. Ceramics International, 2018, 44(10): 11650-11657.
KRAIPOK A, INTAWIN P, KAMNOY M, et al. Preparation and characterization of lithium disilicate-fluorcanasite glass-ceramics for dental applications [J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2023, 137: 105548.
RODRIGUES PAIS ALVES M F, SIMBA B G, FIGUEIRA VAZ FERNANDES M H, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the roughness and mechanical properties of dental lithium disilicate glass-ceramics [J]. Ceramics International, 2022, 48(18): 26303-26311.
MONTAZERIAN M, BAINO F, FIUME E, et al. Glass-ceramics in dentistry: Fundamentals, technologies, experimental techniques, applications, and open issues [J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2023, 132: 101023.
WANG G Q, WANG S R, DONG X S, et al. Recent progress in additive manufacturing of ceramic dental restorations [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 26: 1028-1049.
ZULUETA Y A, DAWSON J A, FROEYEN M, et al. Structural properties and mechanical stability of monoclinic lithium disilicate: Structural properties of monoclinic lithium disilicate [J]. Physica Status Solidi (B), 2017. 254(10): 1700108.
ZULUETA Y A, PHAM-HO M P, NGUYEN M T. Lithium disilicate as an alternative silicate battery material. A theoretical study [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 591: 233865.
VANKOVA S, VERSACI D, AMICI J, et al. A high-capacity cathode based on silicates material for advanced lithium batteries [J]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2017, 21(12): 3381-3388.
LIU S J, WU H, HUANG L, et al. Synthesis of Li2Si2O5-coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode materials with enhanced high-voltage electrochemical properties for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2016, 674: 447-454.