To meet the ever-increasing demand for the data rates of wireless communications, extremely large-scale antenna array (ELAA) has emerged as one of the candidate technologies for future 6G communications. The significantly increased number of antennas in ELAA gives rise to near-field communications, necessitating tailored beamforming techniques within the near-field regions to accommodate the spherical-wave propagation characteristics. Among various array geometries of ELAA, uniform circular array (UCA) has gained much attention for its distinct capability of maintaining uniform beam pattern across different azimuth angles. However, existing analysis of near-field UCA beamforming indicates that the near-field region severely declines in the broadside of UCA, where the system fails to benefit from near-field communications. To tackle this problem, the near-field beamforming technique of uniform concentric circular arrays (UCCAs) is investigated in this paper, which has the potential to enlarge the near-field region in the broadside direction. First, the analysis of beamforming gain in the 3D space with UCA and UCCA is provided. Then, the distinct beamforming characteristics that set UCCA apart from UCA are delineated, revealing the superiority of UCCA in extending the near-field region in broadside at the cost of slightly reduced near-field region in the coplane. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis of beamforming gain with UCCA and the enhanced focusing ability of UCCA in the broadside direction.

The collaboration of multiple Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) and Access Points (APs) enjoys advantages of capacity enhancement, power saving, etc., making the RIS-assisted cell-free network an important architecture for future communications. Similar to most existing works on RIS-assisted communications, the multi-hop link among RISs, i.e., the reflecting link including more than one RISs, is usually ignored in RIS-assisted cell-free networks. In these scenarios, however, since multiple RISs are closely deployed, we find that the multi-hop channels should not be simply ignored due to their potential for capacity improvement. Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge, there is no work exploring the multi-hop transmission of RIS-assisted cell-free networks. To fill in this blank, we investigate the multi-hop transmission of RIS-assisted cell-free networks, including the multi-hop channel model and the corresponding beamforming design. Specifically, we propose a general multi-hop transmission model, which takes the direct links, single-reflecting links, and multi-hop links into account. Based on this model, we formulate a beamforming design problem in an RIS-assisted cell-free network, which allows us to maximize the multi-user sum-rate with considering the impact of multi-hop channels. To address the non-convexity of the formulated problem, a joint active and passive beamforming scheme is proposed to solve the problem. Particularly, by utilizing fractional programming, we decouple the coupled beamforming parameters in the problem, and then these parameters are alternately optimized until the convergence of the sum-rate. Simulation results verify that the consideration for multi-hop links is necessary, and the capacity performance of the proposed scheme is 20% higher than those of the existing schemes.

Thanks to the recent advances in metamaterials, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) has emerged as a promising technology for future 6G wireless communications. Benefiting from its high array gain, low cost, and low power consumption, RISs are expected to greatly enlarge signal coverage, improve system capacity, and increase energy efficiency. In this article, we systematically overview the emerging RIS technology with the focus on its key basics, nine fundamental issues, and one critical problem. Specifically, we first explain the RIS basics, including its working principles, hardware structures, and potential benefits for communications. Based on these basics, nine fundamental issues of RISs, such as “What’s the differences between RISs and massive MIMO?” and “Is RIS really intelligent?”, are explicitly addressed to elaborate its technical features, distinguish it from existing technologies, and clarify some misunderstandings in the literature. Then, one critical problem of RISs is revealed that, due to the “multiplicative fading” effect, existing passive RISs can hardly achieve visible performance gains in many communication scenarios with strong direct links. To address this critical problem, a potential solution called active RISs is introduced, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by numerical simulations.