Although lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high specific energy exhibit great potential for next-generation energy-storage systems, their practical applications are limited by the growth of Li dendrites and lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) shuttling. Herein, a highly porous red phosphorus sponge (HPPS) with well distributed pore structure was efficiently prepared via a facile and large-scale hydrothermal process for polysulfides adsorption and dendrite suppression. As experimental demonstrated, the porous red phosphorus modified separator with increased active site greatly promotes the chemisorption of LiPSs to efficiently immobilize the active sulfur within the cathode section, while Li metal anode activated by Li₃P interlayer with abundant ionically conductive channels significantly eliminates the barrier for uniform Li⁺ permeation across the interlayer, contributing to the enhanced stability for both S cathode and Li anode. Mediated by the HPPS, long-term stability of 1,200 h with minor voltage hysteresis is achieved in symmetric cells with Li₃P@Li electrode while Li-S half-cell based on HPPS modified separator delivers an outperformed reversibility of 783.0 mAh·g⁻¹ after 300 cycles as well as high-rate performance of 694.5 mAh·g⁻¹ at 3 C, which further boosts the HPPS tuned full cells in practical S loading (3 mg·cm⁻²) and thin Li₃P@Li electrode (100 μm) with a capacity retention of 71.8% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. This work provides a cost-effective and metal free mediator for simultaneously alleviating the fundamental issues of both S cathode and Li anode towards high energy density and long cycle life Li-S full batteries.

Compared with the conventional analysis methods for the porous electrode, this paper represents some methods for single particle analysis in battery research, i.e., microeletrode contacting method, single particle collision method, microfluidic analysis method and spectral analysis method. In the single particle analysis methods. some intrinsic properties of the battery materials can be obtained by analyzing directly in single particle scale, thus clarifying the electrochemical reaction mechanism of the material.

Energy storage materials are a key to the development of electrochemical energy storage technologies for meeting the higher requestor of novel paradigms in energy revolution. In recent years, high-entropy materials are developed as electrochemical energy storage materials based on the high entropy aspect as an emerging strategy of material design. In this review, high-entropy materials used in lithium ion battery, sodium ion battery and supercapacitor were represented. First, the basic concepts of high-entropy materials were briefly introduced, including the definition of high entropy and related effects. The structure and performance of high-entropy materials used as electrochemical energy storage materialswere comprehensively summarized. Some challenges arising from the development of high-entropy electrochemical energy storage materials were discussed. This review could provide a reference for rationally designing high-entropy electrode materials towards advanced energy storage and conversion.