In numerical weather prediction (NWP), the parameterization of orographic drag plays an important role in representing subgrid orographic effects. The subgrid orographic parameters are the key input to the parameterization of orographic drag. Currently, the subgrid orographic parameters in most NWP models were produced based on elevation datasets generated many years ago, with a coarse resolution and low quality. In this paper, using the latest high-quality elevation data and considering the applicable scale range of the subgrid orographic parameters, we construct the orographic parameters, including the subgrid orographic standard deviation, anisotropy, orientation, and slope, that are required as input to the orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) parameterization. Finally, we introduce the newly constructed orographic parameters into the Yin-He Global Spectral Model (YHGSM), optimize the description of the orographic effect in the model, and improve the simulation of two typical heavy rainfall events in Beijing and Henan.

Massive ocean data acquired by various observing platforms and sensors poses new challenges to data management and utilization. Typically, it is difficult to find the desired data from the large amount of datasets efficiently and effectively. Most of existing methods for data discovery are based on the keyword retrieval or direct semantic reasoning, and they are either limited in data access rate or do not take the time cost into account. In this paper, we creatively design and implement a novel system to alleviate the problem by introducing semantics with ontologies, which is referred to as Data Ontology and List-Based Publishing (DOLP). Specifically, we mainly improve the ocean data services in the following three aspects. First, we propose a unified semantic model called OEDO (Ocean Environmental Data Ontology) to represent heterogeneous ocean data by metadata and to be published as data services. Second, we propose an optimized quick service query list (QSQL) data structure for storing the pre-inferred semantically related services, and reducing the service querying time. Third, we propose two algorithms for optimizing QSQL hierarchically and horizontally, respectively, which aim to extend the semantics relationships of the data service and improve the data access rate. Experimental results prove that DOLP outperforms the benchmark methods. First, our QSQL-based data discovery methods obtain a higher recall rate than the keyword-based method, and are faster than the traditional semantic method based on direct reasoning. Second, DOLP can handle more complex semantic relationships than the existing methods.