In this study, the uniform dense polydopamine (PDA) coating was deposited on hyper-cross-linked polystyrene nanospheres (HPSs) through the oxidative polymerization of dopamine with polyethyleneimine (PEI), then which underwent acidification and subsequent anion exchange with LiNTf₂ to obtain HPSs@PDA electrolyte (HPSs@PDA-NTf₂). So, the multi-element-doped carbon nanospheres (F,N,S-PCNs) were synthesized through the carbonization of HPSs@PDA-NTf₂, demonstrating exceptional tribological performance. Compared to 500SN, the mean COF of nanolubricant (500SN + 2.0 wt.% F,N,S-PCNs) decreased from 0.181 to 0.110, and the wear volume reduced by 90.3%. The load-carrying capacity of F,N,S-PCNs as lubricant additives is increased from 150N (500SN) to 450N. The F,N,S-PCNs can infiltrate the contact area and adsorb on the friction pair surface, forming a physical adsorption film that prevents the direct contact of surface. Additionally, the active elements (F,N,S) in F,N,S-PCNs undergo tribochemical reactions with the friction pair under mechanical force and thermal effects to form a chemical protective film. This dual effect significantly enhances the boundary lubrication performance of the lubricating oil. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing multi-element co-doped carbon nanospheres, significantly enhancing the effectiveness of oil-based lubrication technology in the field.

Herein, we have prepared SiO₂ particles uploaded MXene nanosheets via in-situ hydrolysis of tetraetholothosilicate. Due to the large number of groups at the edges of MXene, SiO₂ grows at the edges first, forming MXene@SiO₂ composites with a unique core-rim structure. The tribological properties of MXene@SiO₂ as lubricating additive in 500 SN are evaluated by SRV-5. The results show that MXene@SiO₂ can reduce the friction coefficient of 500 SN from 0.572 to 0.108, the wear volume is reduced by 73.7%, and the load capacity is increased to 800 N. The superior lubricity of MXene@SiO₂ is attributed to the synergistic effect of MXene and SiO₂. The rolling friction caused by SiO₂ not only improves the bearing capacity but also increases the interlayer distance of MXene, avoiding accumulation and making it more prone to interlayer slip. MXene@SiO₂ is adsorbed on the friction interface to form a physical adsorption film and isolate the friction pair. In addition, the high temperature and high load induce the tribochemical reaction and form a chemical protection film during in the friction process. Ultimately, the presence of these protective films results in MXene@SiO₂ having good lubricating properties.

This study presents a nitrogen-doped microporous carbon nanospheres (N@MCNs) prepared by a facile polymerization–carbonization process using low-cost styrene. The N element in situ introduces polystyrene (PS) nanospheres via emulsion polymerization of styrene with cyanuric chloride as crosslinking agent, and then carbonization obtains N@MCNs. The as-prepared carbon nanospheres possess the complete spherical structure and adjustable nitrogen amount by controlling the relative proportion of tetrachloromethane and cyanuric chloride. The friction performance of N@MCNs as lubricating oil additives was surveyed utilizing the friction experiment of ball-disc structure. The results showed that N@MCNs exhibit superb reduction performance of friction and wear. When the addition of N@MCNs was 0.06 wt%, the friction coefficient of PAO-10 decreased from 0.188 to 0.105, and the wear volume reduced by 94.4%. The width and depth of wear marks of N@MCNs decreased by 49.2% and 94.5%, respectively. The carrying capacity of load was rocketed from 100 to 400 N concurrently. Through the analysis of the lubrication mechanism, the result manifested that the prepared N@MCNs enter clearance of the friction pair, transform the sliding friction into the mixed friction of sliding and rolling, and repair the contact surface through the repair effect. Furthermore, the tribochemical reaction between nanoparticles and friction pairs forms a protective film containing nitride and metal oxides, which can avert direct contact with the matrix and improve the tribological properties. This experiment showed that nitrogen-doped polystyrene-based carbon nanospheres prepared by in-situ doping are the promising materials for wear resistance and reducing friction. This preparing method can be ulteriorly expanded to multi-element co-permeable materials. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon nanospheres (B,N@MCNs) were prepared by mixed carbonization of N-enriched PS and boric acid, and exhibited high load carrying capacity and good tribological properties.

Tribochemistry can be defined as a field dealing with the chemical reactions occurring in the friction zone, capable of catalyzing mechanical and physico-chemical changes in the friction contact area, facilitating the formation of tribo-films, which is also an efficient approach to fabricate novel innovative materials. In this paper, we report the successful synthesis of the silicon oil (SO)-functionalized covalent organic frameworks (COFs) prepared via the tribochemical method when subjected to the reciprocating friction; during the friction process, the rich aldehyde-terminated COFs can bond with amino SO via the Schiff base reaction between aldehyde group and amino group to obtain the desired functionalized COFs (SO@COF-LZU1). The tribochemical reaction progress was tracked through in-situ monitoring of the friction coefficient and the operating conditions during the entire friction process. Noticeably, the friction coefficient continued to decrease until it finally stabilized as the reaction progressed, which revealed the formation of a protective tribo-film. Herein, an approximate tribochemical model was presented, wherein the reaction mechanism was investigated and analyzed by employing structural analysis techniques like magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the tribochemical-induced SO@COF-LZU1 exhibited remarkable tribological performance with a low friction coefficient of 0.1 and 95.5% reduction in wear volume when used as additives of 500SN base oil. The prime focus of our research was on the preparation and functionalization of COF materials via tribochemical reactions, unraveling a new avenue for the rational design and preparation of functional materials.