Taking the increasing issue of electromagnetic waves (EMW) pollution and the necessity for applications in extreme environments, there is a pressing requirement to create multifunctional microwave absorption materials (MAMs) to meet the current challenges. In this work, we achieved the successful combination of MXene sheets and MOFs derived CoNi@C magnetic alloys onto the three-dimensional (3D) melamine foam (MF) skeleton using vacuum impregnation and electrostatic self-assembly techniques. The obtained MF@MXene/CoNi@C composite foams achieved outstanding MA performance, with an optimal reflection loss (RL) value of -24.1 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.88 GHz at a thickness of 1.68 mm, effectively covering the whole Ku band. The superior MA performance is ascribed to the composite foams' multi-component architecture, distinctive 3D porous structure, and the synergistic impact of multiple loss mechanisms. Moreover, the MF@MXene/CoNi@C composite foams demonstrate exceptional photothermal conversion, thermal insulation, and infrared stealth capabilities, effectively coping with the demands of applications in extreme environments. This work serves as a valuable resource and source of inspiration for the development of lightweight-broadband, multifunctional efficient MAMs.