Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are an important class of innate immune cells that play a key role in regulating immune responses, maintaining tissue homeostasis, and participating in immune responses induced by inflammatory diseases. In lung inflammation, ILC2s drive the inflammatory response by secreting type 2 cytokines, and have a significant role in tissue repair and the maintenance of barrier function by secreting IL‐9 and antimicrobial peptides. ILC2s activation and function are affected by various regulatory factors, including epithelial‐derived alarmins such as IL‐25, IL‐33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, neurotransmitters, metabolites and hormones. These regulatory factors affect the development and activation of ILC2s through signaling pathways under different pathological conditions. An in‐depth study of regulatory factors is expected to provide new targets and strategies for the treatment of lung inflammation.

Copper (Cuprum) is an essential trace metal indispensable for the function of numerous enzymatic molecules implicated in cellular metabolism. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the role of copper in angiogenesis and cellular signaling. Moreover, raised copper levels have been detected in hepatocellular carcinoma and other cancers. An inherited or acquired copper imbalance, including inadequately low or excessively high copper levels, as well as inappropriate copper distribution in the body, is implicated in a number of diseases. In addition, a recent groundbreaking study identified a copper‐induced type of programmed cell death named cuprotosis, the mechanism of which greatly deferred from that of other known cell death modes. The first part provides an overview of the regulation of copper homeostasis and discusses the underlying mechanisms of cuprotosis. In the second part, the authors focus on the functions of copper in liver diseases and other metabolic disorders, before discussing how this knowledge could contribute to the development of effective targets to treat such diseases.

Autoantibody (AAb) detection has become one of the standards of diagnosis for autoimmune liver disease (AILD), and some AAbs have become specific biomarkers of AILD. In addition, AAbs can be detected in patients with non‐AILDs, such as viral hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. However, the distribution characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of AAbs in patients with non‐AILD are unclear. This article summarizes the characteristics of AAbs in several common clinical chronic liver diseases (CLDs) and discusses the value of AAb analysis in CLD.

Rhodococcus equi is a zoonotic opportunistic pathogen that mainly infects immunodeficient individuals, such as those with HIV infection. In R. equi-infected individuals, serious lung lesions can develop and death may result without appropriate antiviral treatment. This bacterium is rare in clinic and there is little information regarding its diagnosis and treatment. To improve our understanding, this case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with HIV complicated with R. equi infection from Ditan Hospital, Beijing, China.