The revelation of thermal energy exchange mechanism of human body is challenging yet worthwhile, because it can clearly explain the changes in human symptoms and health status. Understanding, the heat transfer of the skin is significant because the skin is the foremost organ for the energy exchange between the human body and the environment. In order to diagnose the physiological conditions of human skin without causing any damage, it is necessary to use a non-invasive measurement technique by means of a conformal flexible sensor. The harmonic method can minimize the thermal-induced injury to the skin due to its low heat generating properties. A novel type of computational theory assessing skin thermal conductivity, blood perfusion rate of capillaries in the dermis, and superficial subcutaneous tissues was formed by combining the multi-medium thermal diffusion model and the bio-thermal model (Pennes equation). The skins of the hand back of six healthy subjects were measured. It was found that the results revealed no consistent changes in thermal conductivity were observed across genders and ages. The measured blood perfusion rates were within the range of human capillary flow. It was found that female subjects had a higher perfusion rate range (0.0058–0.0061 s⁻¹) than male subjects (0.0032–0.0049 s⁻¹), which is consistent with invasive medical studies about the gender difference in blood flow rates and stimulated effects in relaxation situations.

The advancement of next-generation energy technologies calls for rationally designed and fabricated electrode materials that have desirable structures and satisfactory performance. Three-dimensional (3D) self-supported amorphous nanomaterials have attracted great enthusiasm as the cornerstone for building high-performance nanodevices. In particular, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the design, fabrication, and evaluation of self-supported amorphous nanomaterials as electrodes for energy storage and conversion devices in the past decade. However, the electrochemical performance of devices assembled with 3D self-supported amorphous nanomaterials still remains to be dramatically promoted to satisfy the demands for more practical applications. In this review, we aim to outline the achievements made in recent years in the development of 3D self-supported amorphous nanomaterials for a broad range of energy storage and conversion processes. We firstly summarize different synthetic strategies employed to synthesize 3D nanomaterials and to tailor their composition, morphology, and structure. Then, the performance of these 3D self-supported amorphous nanomaterials in their corresponding energy-related reactions is highlighted. Finally, we draw out our comprehensive understanding towards both challenges and prospects of this promising field, where valuable guidance and inspiration will surely facilitate further development of 3D self-supported amorphous nanomaterials, thus enabling more highly efficient energy storage and conversion devices that play a key role in embracing a sustainable energy future.

Nanocrystals (NCs) of cesium lead halide perovskites are optically unstable, which prevents their use in optical sensors. The combination of perovskite NCs and metal single atoms (SAs) may be a good solution to this issue. Unfortunately, depositing metal SAs on perovskite NCs remains a challenge due to relative weak metal–halide bonds. Herein, we present that, via a photo assisted method using cesium lead halide perovskite NCs as host material to anchor Y single atoms, we successfully synthesize Y SA anchored CsPbBr₃ NCs (Y-SA/CsPbBr₃ NCs) with outstanding fluorescence stability through the formation of two Y–O bonds and two Y–Br bonds. In comparison to bare CsPbBr₃ NCs, Y-SA/CsPbBr₃ NCs possess more stable optical characteristics. The as-synthesized Y-SA/CsPbBr₃ NCs can be employed as a colorimetric platform to perform rapid CH₃I sensing. Detection limit of 0.044 ppm is exhibited in this approach with excellent anti-interference performance. The Y-SA/CsPbBr₃ NCs-based system has been applied to the detection of CH₃I in sweet potato samples with satisfying results.

Carbon-based dual-metal sites catalysts (DMSCs) have emerged as a new frontier in the field of sustainable energy due to their unique coordination environments, electronic structure, and the maximized atom utilization. The reasonable utilization of carbon-based DMSCs provides new possibilities to achieve the outstanding catalytic performance, remarkable selectivity, and recyclability in energy-related catalysis. Based on this, this review intends to summarize the recent breakthroughs in carbon-based DMSCs for the energy catalysis. Firstly, the definition and classifications of DMSCs are proposed, mainly dividing into three types (isolated dual-metal site pairs, binuclear homologous dual-metal sites pairs, and binuclear heterologous dual-metal sites pairs). Subsequently, we discuss the potential of DMSCs targeting on energy conversion reactions, such as electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR), and N₂ reduction reaction (NRR). Finally, we predict the remaining challenges and possible opportunities on the unique carbon-based DMSCs for energy applications in the future.