Carbide ceramic fibers are of significant importance for application in the high-tech areas of advanced aircraft engines, aerospace vehicles, as well as nuclear industry due to their excellent properties, such as high tensile strength and elastic modulus, excellent high-temperature resistance and oxidation resistance. This paper reviews the preparation and application of different carbide ceramic fibers, including SiC fibers, transition-metal carbide (e.g. ZrC, HfC, TaC) ceramic fibers, etc. The preparation methods of carbide ceramic fibers are discussed in terms of different fiber diameters, represented by SiC fibers with variable weaving properties and functions due to their differences in diameter. Subsequently, the application of carbide ceramic fibers as high-temperature-resistant structural materials, catalyst carriers, sensor and supercapacitor are summarized, and finally strategies for the future development of carbide ceramic fibers are proposed. This review is aimed at helping researchers to enhance their comprehension of the preparation and utilization of carbide ceramic micro/nano fibers, advancing the development of high-performance carbide ceramic fibers.