This study investigates the effect of aluminum nanoparticles (AL NPs) on vaccines (e.g., poliomyelitis and bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccines). Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the extent of its effect on the blood composition using an in vivo study on blood samples obtained from rabbits injected with poliomyelitic virus and BCG vaccines across a period of four weeks. The oxidation current peaks of the vaccines in the rabbit blood samples were enhanced with increasing doses of AL NPs. AL NPs acted as oxidative reagents to the rabbit blood components.

The redox behavior of cinnamon nanoarticles (CNPs) was studied using cyclic volammetry in blood medium on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The redox current peaks of CNPS reactions with blood component were also studied at different concentrations; scan rates, and pH. The stability and reliability of working electrode in blood media were investigation as well. Moreover, the diffusion coefficient values of redox peaks in blood medium was determined from Randles Sevick equation. It was found the CNPs in blood medium have new electrochemical behavior which can use ascorbic acid with CNPs as a treatment in different medicine cases.

In this work, sensitive method was used for the first time by joining cloud point extraction with solvation system (CPE-SS) using aspirin as the organic reagent to form cloud point layer (CPL). It had a wavelength for final absorbance under λ_max = 293 nm. Different kinds and concentrations of salting out with different extraction efficiencies were used to enhance the extraction efficiency. KNO₃ as a salting out under 0.1 M showed maximum extraction efficiency in the presence of 40 μg of Cu(Ⅱ). The applications of extraction in this method had required the existence of 0.4 mL of Triton X-100 and heating under 85 ℃ for 20 minutes to form CPL quantitatively. The effect of different surfactants and various organic reagents to investigate the impact of interferences as well as spectrophotometric determination were also investigated in this study. Chicken, breast, cow meat (beef), cucumber, drainage fish, garden cress and lettuce showed low limit of detection (LOD) 0.018 ppm, limit of quantity (LOQ) 0.060 ppm and RSD% of 0.028 in 2 ppm.

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of some new barbituric acid derivatives from sulfadiazine. A reaction of sulfadiazine with chloroacetyl chloride gave 2-chloro-N-(4-(N-pyrimidin-2-ylsulfamoyl) phenyl) acetamide [A] which was reacted with thiourea and K₂CO₃ to give thiazole derivative [B]. Schiff base compounds [Sh₁-Sh₃] were prepared from condensation of thiazole derivative with different aromatic benzaldehydes. Then, addition reaction of acetyl chloride to Schiff bases afforded new tertiary amides compounds [D₁-D₃]. The latter compounds were allowed to react with 1, 3-bis (hydroxyl methyl) barbituric acids derivatives [E₁-E₂] via Williamson reaction to form new barbituric acid derivatives [F₁-F₃] and [G₁-G₃]. Thin layer chromatography, melting points, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) techniques confirmed formation of the prepared compounds. Antimicrobial studies of the synthesized compounds were assayed against three different types of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and against two types of fungi Aspergillus flavus and Candida Albicans. Biological applications of the synthesized compounds showed a greater effect on antimicrobial activities than the standard.

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with a polybutylene succinate/epoxidized palm oil (PBS/EPO) clay nanocomposites; by using solution evaporation method, a new modified electrode PBS/EPO-clay nanocomposite was produced. The redox process of K₄[Fe(CN)₆] during cyclic voltammetry was studied using the PBS/EPO-clay nanocomposites. It was found that the peak separation (ΔEpa-c) between the redox peaks of Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) in an aqueous solution of 0.1 M KClO₄ and the current ratio of redox current peaks, (Ipa/Ipc) was ≈ 1 for the modified working electrode with PBS/EPO-clay nanocomposites, indicating good reversibility with weak conductivity of the modified electrode. The physical properties of the modified electrode PBS/EPO-clay nanocomposites included good hardness, high adhesion to the glassy carbon surfaces of electrode collectors, solubility and good stability of the PBS/EPO-clay nanocomposites at different pH media. Also, the sensitivity of the electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetric method was significantly dependent on the pH and the scan rate (SR). It was found that the couple of redox current peaks of K₄[Fe(CN)₆] in KClO₄ solution were a reversible process: Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ).

Wastewater contains heavy metals that cause serious environmental problems. Hence, in the environmental studies, it is important to know the adsorption process of the contaminants in porous media. This study used a continuous flow system which consisted of horizontal PVC pipes of 150 mm diameter and 6 m length. The system was designed and installed in the Environmental Hydraulic Laboratories of Al-Mustansiryiah University (College of Engineering, Environmental Department). This pipe included a manufacturing porous media, activated ceramic (ACR). The objective of this work is to study the adsorption of the total organic carbon (TOC) and the heavy metals from aqueous solutions using manufacturing porous media through horizontal flow without membrane. The discharge of the polluted water to the pipes was changed at values of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 L/h. The results of this system were: the removal efficiency of the heavy metals increased with an increase in detention time, length of the pipe and the pressure.

Grafted polystyrene with acrylonitrile modified nanoparticles of TiO₂-ZnO was successfully prepared to study its electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetric (CV) method. It was found the new modified copolymer had good electrochemical properties and was a semi-conductor material. The ratio redox current peak (Ipa/Ipc) was equal to 2; the separation potential peak (Epa-Epc) was equal to 113 mV. Normal saline was used as a good electrolyte to enhance the solution of peaks of redox current for K₄Fe(CN)₆. Different concentrations, scan rates, and pH values were studied of the modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Diffusion coefficient values of the ions were determined using Randles-Sevcik equation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) images for the new grafted polymer modified nanoparticles were studied. The product could be used in various industrial applications due to its electrochemical properties.

Morbid obesity is a serious health condition that can interfere with basic physical functions such as breathing or walking. Those who are morbidly obese are at greater risk of illnesses including diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, gastro esophageal reflux disease, gallstones, osteoarthritis, heart disease, and cancer. This study was designed by taking 60 patients and 20 controls aged from 25 to 45 years with morbid obesity. A collection of samples was done by taking venous fasting blood samples from the patients and healthy volunteers after an overnight fasting. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile kits were used to determine these parameters. It was observed that the increase level of perilipin-1 led to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia for 60 patients, while the level of perilipin-1 in 20 controls caused insulin sensitivity. The increase of all studied parameters was concluded from the p-value, which was less than 0.05. The results also indicated that the level of perilipin-1 could be considered a risk factor for many diseases. It could cause accumulation of the bad cholesterol in vascular tissues leading to atherosclerosis; it could cause changes in many factors in secretion, could cause insulin resistance and then diabetes mellitus. The level of fatty acid coming from continuous lipolysis causes fatty liver and live diseases.

As alternatives to petroleum-based polymeric materials, biodegradable polymers, such as polycaprolactone has attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community due to a rapid growth of intensive interest in the global environment. Chalcone, hexadecylamine and tetradecylamine were used as one of the organic compounds to modify natural montmorillonite clay. The clay modification was carried out by stirring the clay particles in an aqueous solution of chalcone-montmorillonite, hexadecylamine-montmorillonite and tetradecylamine-montmorillonite increasing from 1.29 to 1.53, 1.59 and 1.79 nm, respectively. The modified clay was then used in the preparation of the polycaprolactone/epoxidized palm oil blend nanocomposites. They were prepared by incorporating 0.5-5% of chalcone-montmorillonite, hexadecylamine-montmorillonite and tetradecylamine-montmorillonite. The interaction of the modifier in the clay layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The nanocomposites were synthesized by solution casting of the modified clay and a polycaprolactone/epoxidized palm oil blend at the weight ratio of 80/20, which had the highest increase in the tensile strength of the blend. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. The results also showed higher thermal stability for nanocomposites compared to those of the polycaprolactone/epoxidized palm oil blend.

In this study, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of folic acid (VB9) in pharmaceutical formulations was reported. The proposed method was based on the reaction between folic acid and 1, 2-naphthoquine-4-sulphonate (NQS) at alkaline medium (pH 11) to form deep yellow product. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 0.75-10.5 μg/mL of folic acid at maximum wavelength of 436 nm. Under optimized reaction conditions, linear regression equation of the calibration curve was y = 0.048 x + 0.038 (μg/mL) with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9988. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.159 μg/mL and 0.531 μg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of folic acid in pharmaceutical formulations.